The exact root cause of migraine remains unknown, but experts believe that it is the result of unusual brain activity that temporarily affects nerve signals, blood vessels, and chemicals in the brain. It is also believed that one of the root causes of migraines is cortical spreading depression or CSD.

CSD occurs when a neuron suddenly experiences a burst of activity known as depolarisation followed by a wave of inhibition.

Depolarisation is the basis of all signals and activities that occur in the brain and body. It is usually part of one of the processes occurring within the human brain. However, there are instances where certain neurons will depolarise. All neurons are interconnected and changes in the concentration of chemicals around them slowly “spreads'' to neighbouring neurons. And that’s how CSD occurs.

However, because of this, anomalous neurological activity in delicate brain regions leads to negative consequences that may cause migraines. This can also explain why migraines have different types and stages.

The wave of CSD usually begins in one part of the brain and travels along different regions of the brain which causes more severe symptoms. For instance, if the wave of CSD spreads to the visual cortex and occipital lobe, a person may experience visual symptoms such as seeing auras.

CSD and depolarisation waves are linked with failure of brain ion homeostasis, increased energy metabolism, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, and changes in cerebral blood flow.

The slow process of the wave traveling through the brain also explains why migraine may last longer for some migraine sufferers.

There have been strong studies and evidence to suggest that CSD is associated with the mechanism of stroke, migraine, traumatic brain injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Migraine symptoms are deliberate, that’s why most people are looking for possible options to treat them or lessen the pain that comes with it. Nowadays, there are different interventions and potential cures for migraines.

• Painkillers

Over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aspirin can relieve some migraine symptoms.

• Botox

Studies show that Botox can be a potential treatment for migraines. Botox is a substance that paralyses nerves. When given for migraines, it is injected under the skin or into the muscles around the ears, forehead, and neck.

• Triptans

Triptans are commonly used by migraine patients. But take note that triptans do not prevent migraines. These are taken once the patient starts experiencing symptoms. Triptans neutralise painful migraine headaches by blocking pain pathways in the brain.

It’s best to consult your healthcare provider before taking triptans as they have many potential side effects such as sensory aspects, nausea, and fatigue.

• Surgery

Nerve decompression surgery is the last resort to ease migraines. This relieves pressure on the nerves responsible for migraine for certain patients.

• Migraine Relief Cap

A migraine relief cap can be put on the head and can cover the eyes to reduce sensory input. However, wearing this can be distracting and embarrassing.